2013年5月18日托福考试真题分享——听力部分
Conversation 1 （推荐信、转达）考古学教授答应帮学生的Graduate School Application写推荐信，但是学生查邮箱没有收到，下周立马有一所学校申请截止，所以焦急的找assistant问详情。这位教授期末有书稿截止、并且安排去澳大利亚沙漠实地研究，虽然她一贯行事缜密（on top of everything），但这件事确实疏忽了。Assistant答应给教授邮件联系，确保推荐信不耽误之后的学校，且建议学生另找其他教授，以防万一。
Conversation 2 （paper/Benjamin Franklin）学生过来跟教授讨论关于short paper和long paper两个的内容把握，关于Benjamin Franklin这个多才多艺的人物，到底细节添加把握到什么程度。教授建议，小论文，可以注重到富兰克林和Post Office的渊源；大论文可以扩宽内容，比如电力等其他方面的贡献。
Lecture 1(Astronomy-One of Saturn’s planet)讲Saturn的一个planet，重点讲述其可能有有机生命体存在，证据如下：Unlike other planets with craters all over its surface, the surface of this planet is crater free, which indicates internal activities. Its southern polar has those cracks referred to by scientists as the “tiger stripes”. This region lets out vents of vapor and is high in temperature. There are several explanations for the high temperature. The first being radioactive elements emitting the heat causing it to remain warm, but considering the size of this planet, it could not have contained enough radioactive materials within to sustain the high temperature. The second being the gravitational pull and the force from the planet creates the friction, but accord
讲座解析：
天文学类的文章为大篇幅描述型文章，很容易中间走神
要学会由已知推未知，通过能听懂的单词和句子推导出生词部分
描述虽多，但层次分明，找好每一个层次的主旨
听懂结论很重要
锁定信号词
Lecture 2(Art History- Andy Warhol)Andy Warhol——The artist that challenges the authenticity of art.Unlike other artists who work in studios, he creates painting in factories mainly using silk-screening to mass-produce many pages of the same paintings.The argument lies in, if his factory workers make the paintings, and Warhol only signed them as the last procedure, is it really him that created the painting?Student 1: Like teachers leave painting assignments in class, every students hand in pieces of flowers, the teachers cannot sign the copy can call it his own.Student 2: Like Renaissance workshop, apprentices do part of the work according to the artists instruction, the artist signed the painting. It is still legitimate for Warhol to be the owner of those art, because he contributes the notion.Professor: It is worth discussion, and remains to be seen.
讲座解析：
艺术史是托福听力最常考到的话题，2013年12次考试中已经出现了10次
注意某个艺术家的艺术风格的特殊性分析
全文经常以一个具体案例分析
与同类艺术家的比较对比：共同点和区别
艺术风格之间的关联与互相影响
受到当时社会背景的影响或对社会的影响
讲座人个人的评价态度
Lecture 3(Zoology- Female Mule Deer respond to fawn’s cry)Female Mule Deer respond to fawn’s cry even though the fawn is not her own, for its cause there are several explanations:①?Recognizable error, the mule deer cannot tell the difference between the cry of her
own fawn and other fawn.
Not likely.Experiment: when a female mule deer’s fawn is right in from her, when she hears the cry in the microphone, she will also rush there immediately;
②Bedded Fawn Theory, because their fawn is lying in the burrow, so they are concerned when they hear the cry.
Not true.
The deer with bedded fawn and the deer with active fawn (fawn standing outside) reacted the same when hearing cry, no difference in intensity.
③Reciprocal altruism, expecting other mule deer would do the same for their fawn.
讲座解析：
动物也是托福当中常出现的话题，2013年12次考试中已经出现了9次
动物常出现比对类比型结构
每一次层次的例子和结论是重点
留意师生问答，老师给出的解释
教授观点
Lecture 4(Business- purchasing behavior)
Normally, a purchasing behavior consists of 5 steps:
明确需要-》信息收集-》产品比较-》购买发生-》产品反馈，一般中间可以缺失一两步，且顺序会稍有颠倒，但大致如此。但是，Impulse Buying是完全不符合这五步的一种购买行为。学生举例，自己去超市买东西，结账看到冰柜里有一瓶饮料，很贵，但包装很漂亮，他打开冰柜，摸在手里，冰凉的那种畅快让他决定买这瓶饮料。
教授分析，这叫Point to chase(POP)，鼓励大家触摸的一种方式购买（invites touching）。除此之外，还有upselling，就是跟顾客询问相关产品购买意向，比如快餐店老问您要fries么？教授谈到，虽然impulse buying不符合任何规律，但是研究还是有价值的，在商业销售当中，任何细节都是不应该放过的。比如曾经有一家薯片公司，在电影院发放薯片，电影结束回收袋子，数袋子里剩了多少片，就是为了知道一场电影能吃多少，放多少片合适。
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