可打印丨大学英语基础常识汇总大全,期末考必定用的到,主张保藏...



原标题:可打印丨大学英语基础常识汇总大全,期末考必定用的到,主张保藏!

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第一有些 基础常识

1. 字母:26个字母的巨细写

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

2. 音标:48个音标

3. 词汇:词汇量,近反义词

4. 语句:巨细写,标点符号

第二有些 语法常识

一、名词:名词单复数,名词的格

(一)名词单复数

1. 一般情况,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds

2. 以s. x. sh. ch结束,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches

3. 以“子音字母+y”结束,变y为i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries

4. 以“f或fe”结束,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives

5. 不规则名词复数:

man-men

woman-women,mouse-mice

policeman-policemen

policewoman-policewomen

child-children,foot-feet

tooth-teeth,fish-fish

people-people

Chinese-Chinese

Japanese-Japanese

不可以数名词的复数就是原型:paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea

(二)名词的格

1. 有生命的东西的名词一切格:

(1)奇数后加 s ,如:Lucy s ruler my father s shirt

(2)以s 结束的复数名词后加 ,如:his friends bags

(3)不以s 结束的复数后加 s,如children s shoes

并排名词中,假定把 s加在最终一个名词后,标明共有,如:

Tom and Mike s car.

汤姆和迈克共有的小轿车

要标明一切物不是共有的,应别离在并排名词后加 s,

如:

Tom s and Mike s cars.

汤姆和麦克各自的小轿车

2. 标明无生命东西的名词一般用“ of +名词”来标明一切联络:如:

a picture of the classroom a map of China.

二、冠词:不定冠词,定冠词品种

(一)不定冠词:a / an

元音最初的可数名词前用an :

an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson /

(二)定冠词:the

定冠词的用法:

1. 特指某(些)人或某(些)物:The ruler is on the desk.

2. 复述上文说到的人或物:He has a sweater. The sweater is new.

3. 说话两边都晓得的人或物:The boys aren’t at school.

4. 在序数词前:John’s birthday is February the second.

5. 用于固定词组中:in the morning / afternoon / evening

(三)不必冠词的情况:

1. 专有名词前:China is a big country.

2. 名词前有定语:this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等,如:This is my baseball.

3. 复数名词标明一类人和事:Monkeys can’t swim. They are teachers.

4. 在节日,日期,月份,时节前:Today is Christmas Day. It’s Sunday.

5. 一日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:30.

6. 球类、棋类运动前:They often play football after class. He plays chess at home.

* 但乐器前要用定冠词:I play the guitar very well.

7. 学科称号前:My favorite subject is music.

8. 在称号或头衔的名词前:This is Mr Li.

9. 固定词组中:at noon at night by bus.

三、代词、描述词、副词

代词:人称代词,物主代词

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描述词,副词:比照级,最高档

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(一)描述词的比照级

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1.%20描述词比照级在语句中的运用:两个事物或人的比照用比照级,比照级后边一般带有单词than。

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比照级前面可以用more,%20a%20little来润饰标明程度。than后的人称代词用主格(口语中可用宾格)。

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2.%20描述词加er的规则:

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(1)一般在词尾加er;

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(2)以字母e%20结束,加r;

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(3)以一个元音字母和一个子音字母结束,应双写结束的子音字母,再加er;

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(4)以“子音字母+y”结束,先把y变i,再加er。

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3.%20不规则描述词比照级:good-better,%20beautiful-more%20beautiful

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(二)副词的比照级

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1.%20描述词与副词的差异(有be用形,有形用be;有动用副,有副用动)

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(1)在语句中描述词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后

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(2)副词在语句中最多见的是处于实义动词之后

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2.%20副词比照级的改变规则根柢与描述词比照级相同(不规则改变:well-better,%20far-farther)

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四、数词:基数词、序数词

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(一)基数词%20

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1.%201-20

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one,two,three,four,five

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six,seven,eight,nine,ten

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eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen

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fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen

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nineteen,twenty

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2.%2021-99%20先说“几十”,再说“几”,中心加连字符

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23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four

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45→forty—five,56→fifty-six

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67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight

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89→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one

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3.%20101-999先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数

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586→five%20hundred%20and%20eighty-six

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803→eight%20hundred%20and%20three

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4.%201,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”。第一个“,”前为thousand;第二个“,”前为million;第三个“,”前为billion。

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1,001→one%20thousand%20and%20one

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18,423→eighteen%20thousand,four%20hundred%20and%20twenty-three

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6,260,309→six%20million%20two%20hundred%20and%20sixty%20thousand%20three%20hundred%20and%20nine

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750,000,000,000→seven%20hundred%20and%20fifty%20billion

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(二)序数词%20

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1.%20一般在基数词后加th

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eg.four→fourth

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thirteen→thirteenth

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2.%20不规则改变

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one→first,two→second

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three→third,five→fifth

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eight→eighth,nine→ninth

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twelve—twelfth

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3.%20以y结束的十位整数,变y为ie再加th

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twenty→twentieth

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forty→fortieth

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ninety→ninetieth

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4.%20从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词

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twenty-first

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two%20hundred%20and%20forty-fifth

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(三)基数词转为序数词的口诀

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基变序,有规则,词尾加上-th。

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一,二,三,特别记,词尾字母t,d,d。

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8去t,九去e,%20ve要用f替。

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ty将y变成i,th前面有个e。

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如果碰到几十几,前用基来后用序。

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五、介词

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常用介词:in,on,at,behind等

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1.%20at:标明时刻概念的某一个点(在某时刻、时刻、期间等)

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at%201:00(dawn,midnight,noon)

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在一点钟(拂晓、午夜、正午)

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2.%20on

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(1)标明具体日期

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*注:

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1)关于"在周末"的几种标明法:

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at(on)the%20weekend在周末——特指

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at(on)weekends在周末——泛指

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over%20the%20weekend在整个周末

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during%20the%20weekend在周晚时刻

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2)在圣诞节,应说at%20Christmas?而不说on%20Christmas?

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(2)在(刚……)的时分。

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On%20reaching%20the%20city%20he%20called%20up%20his%20parents.

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一到城里他就给父母打了一个电话。

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3.%20in:标明"时段"、"时期",在大都情况下可以和during交换,前者偏重比照,后者偏重持续。

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in(during)1988(December,the%2020th%20century)

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在一九88年(十二月、二十世纪)

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六、动词:动词的四种时态

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(一)一般如今时:

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1.%20一般如今时的构成:

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(1)be动词:主语+be(am,%20is,%20are)+其它。如:I%20am%20a%20boy.%20我是一个男孩。

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(2)行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。如:We%20study%20English.%20咱们学习英语。

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当主语为第三人称奇数(he,%20she,%20it)时,要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如:Mary%20likes%20Chinese.玛丽喜爱汉语。

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2.%20动词+s的改变规则

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(1)一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks,%20milk-milks

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(2)以s.%20x.%20sh.%20ch.%20o结束,加-es,如:guess-guesses,%20wash-washes,%20watch-watches,%20go-goes

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(3)以“子音字母+y”结束,变y为i,%20再加-es,如:study-studies

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(二)一般曩昔时:

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动词曩昔式详解——动词的曩昔式的构陈规则有:

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1.%20规则动词

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(1)一般直接在动词的后边加ed:如:worked%20

, learned , cleaned , visited

(2)以e结束的动词直接加d:如 lived , danced , used

(3)以子音字母加y结束的动词要改y为i再加ed(此类动词较少)如:study – studied carry – carried worry – worried (留心play、stay不是子音字母加y,所以不归于此类)

(4)双写最终一个字母(此类动词较少)如:stopped

2. 不规则动词(此类词并无规则,须熟记)大学期间要记住以下动词的原形和曩昔式:

sing – sang,eat – ate,see – saw

have – had,do – did,go – went

take – took,buy – bought,get – got

read – read,fly – flew,am/is – was

are – were,say – said,leave – left

swim – swam,tell – told,draw – drew

come – came,lose – lost,find – found

drink – drank,hurt – hurt,feel – felt

(三)一般将来时:

根柢规划:

①be

going to + do;

②will+ do. be going to = will

I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明日)= I will go swimming tomorrow

(四)如今进行时: am,is,are+动词如今分词

动词如今分词详解——动词的ing方法的构陈规则:

1. 一般的直接在后边加上ing,如doing,going,working,singing,eating

2. 以e 结束的动词,要先去e再加ing,如having,writing

3. 双写最终一个字母的(此类动词很少)有:running,swimming,sitting,getting

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第三有些:句法

陈述句

1. 必定句

是指用必定的口气来陈述的语句,如:I’m a student.

She is a doctor. He works in a hospital.

There are four fans in our classroom. He will eat lunch at 12:00. I watched TV yesterday evening.

2. 否定句

富含否定词或标明否定意义词的语句,如:I’m not a student. She is not (isn’t) a doctor.

He does not (doesn’t) work in a hospital. There are not (aren’t) four fans in our classroom.

He will not (won’t) eat lunch at 12:00. I did not (didn’t) watch TV yesterday evening.

疑问句

1. 一般疑问句

是指问询实际的语句,此类语句有必要用“yes”或“no”来答复。

2. 特别疑问句

以特别疑问词(what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how等)最初引导的语句。

此类语句大约问啥就答啥,不能用“yes 、no”来答复。

There be句型

There be 句型与have, has的差异

1. There be句型标明:在某地有某物(或人)

2. 在there be句型中,主语是奇数,be动词用is;主语是复数,be动词用are;如有几件物品,be动词根据迩来be动词的那个名词抉择。

3. there be句型的否定句在be动词后加not,一般疑问句把be动词调到句首。

4. there be句型与have(has) 的差异:there be标明在某地有某物(或人);have(has) 标明或人具有某物。

5. some和any在there be句型中的运用:some用于必定句,any用于否定句或疑问句。

6. and和or在there be句型中的运用:and用于必定句,or用于否定句或疑问句。

7. 关于数量发问的特别疑问句的根柢规划是:

How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语?

How much + 不可以数名词 + is there + 介词短语?

8. 关于主语发问的特别疑问句的根柢规划是:

What’s + 介词短语?

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