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第一有些 基础常识
1. 字母:26个字母的巨细写
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
2. 音标:48个音标
3. 词汇:词汇量,近反义词
4. 语句:巨细写,标点符号
第二有些 语法常识
一、名词:名词单复数,名词的格
(一)名词单复数
1. 一般情况,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds
2. 以s. x. sh. ch结束,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches
3. 以“子音字母+y”结束,变y为i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries
4. 以“f或fe”结束,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives
5. 不规则名词复数:
man-men
woman-women,mouse-mice
policeman-policemen
policewoman-policewomen
child-children,foot-feet
tooth-teeth,fish-fish
people-people
Chinese-Chinese
Japanese-Japanese
不可以数名词的复数就是原型:paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea
(二)名词的格
1. 有生命的东西的名词一切格:
(1)奇数后加 s ,如:Lucy s ruler my father s shirt
(2)以s 结束的复数名词后加 ,如:his friends bags
(3)不以s 结束的复数后加 s,如children s shoes
并排名词中,假定把 s加在最终一个名词后,标明共有,如:
Tom and Mike s car.
汤姆和迈克共有的小轿车
要标明一切物不是共有的,应别离在并排名词后加 s,
如:
Tom s and Mike s cars.
汤姆和麦克各自的小轿车
2. 标明无生命东西的名词一般用“ of +名词”来标明一切联络:如:
a picture of the classroom a map of China.
二、冠词:不定冠词,定冠词品种
(一)不定冠词:a / an
元音最初的可数名词前用an :
an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson /
(二)定冠词:the
定冠词的用法:
1. 特指某(些)人或某(些)物:The ruler is on the desk.
2. 复述上文说到的人或物:He has a sweater. The sweater is new.
3. 说话两边都晓得的人或物:The boys aren’t at school.
4. 在序数词前:John’s birthday is February the second.
5. 用于固定词组中:in the morning / afternoon / evening
(三)不必冠词的情况:
1. 专有名词前:China is a big country.
2. 名词前有定语:this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等,如:This is my baseball.
3. 复数名词标明一类人和事:Monkeys can’t swim. They are teachers.
4. 在节日,日期,月份,时节前:Today is Christmas Day. It’s Sunday.
5. 一日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:30.
6. 球类、棋类运动前:They often play football after class. He plays chess at home.
* 但乐器前要用定冠词:I play the guitar very well.
7. 学科称号前:My favorite subject is music.
8. 在称号或头衔的名词前:This is Mr Li.
9. 固定词组中:at noon at night by bus.
三、代词、描述词、副词
代词:人称代词,物主代词
%20描述词,副词:比照级,最高档
%20(一)描述词的比照级
%201.%20描述词比照级在语句中的运用:两个事物或人的比照用比照级,比照级后边一般带有单词than。
%20比照级前面可以用more,%20a%20little来润饰标明程度。than后的人称代词用主格(口语中可用宾格)。
%202.%20描述词加er的规则:
%20(1)一般在词尾加er;
%20(2)以字母e%20结束,加r;
%20(3)以一个元音字母和一个子音字母结束,应双写结束的子音字母,再加er;
%20(4)以“子音字母+y”结束,先把y变i,再加er。
%203.%20不规则描述词比照级:good-better,%20beautiful-more%20beautiful
%20(二)副词的比照级
%201.%20描述词与副词的差异(有be用形,有形用be;有动用副,有副用动)
%20(1)在语句中描述词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后
%20(2)副词在语句中最多见的是处于实义动词之后
%202.%20副词比照级的改变规则根柢与描述词比照级相同(不规则改变:well-better,%20far-farther)
%20四、数词:基数词、序数词
%20(一)基数词%20
%201.%201-20
%20one,two,three,four,five
%20six,seven,eight,nine,ten
%20eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen
%20fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen
%20nineteen,twenty
%202.%2021-99%20先说“几十”,再说“几”,中心加连字符
%2023→twenty-three,34→thirty-four
%2045→forty—five,56→fifty-six
%2067→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight
%2089→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one
%203.%20101-999先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数
%20586→five%20hundred%20and%20eighty-six
%20803→eight%20hundred%20and%20three
%204.%201,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”。第一个“,”前为thousand;第二个“,”前为million;第三个“,”前为billion。
%201,001→one%20thousand%20and%20one
%2018,423→eighteen%20thousand,four%20hundred%20and%20twenty-three
%206,260,309→six%20million%20two%20hundred%20and%20sixty%20thousand%20three%20hundred%20and%20nine
%20750,000,000,000→seven%20hundred%20and%20fifty%20billion
%20(二)序数词%20
%201.%20一般在基数词后加th
%20eg.four→fourth
%20thirteen→thirteenth
%202.%20不规则改变
%20one→first,two→second
%20three→third,five→fifth
%20eight→eighth,nine→ninth
%20twelve—twelfth
%203.%20以y结束的十位整数,变y为ie再加th
%20twenty→twentieth
%20forty→fortieth
%20ninety→ninetieth
%204.%20从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词
%20twenty-first
%20two%20hundred%20and%20forty-fifth
%20(三)基数词转为序数词的口诀
%20基变序,有规则,词尾加上-th。
%20一,二,三,特别记,词尾字母t,d,d。
%208去t,九去e,%20ve要用f替。
%20ty将y变成i,th前面有个e。
%20如果碰到几十几,前用基来后用序。
%20五、介词
%20常用介词:in,on,at,behind等
%201.%20at:标明时刻概念的某一个点(在某时刻、时刻、期间等)
%20at%201:00(dawn,midnight,noon)
%20在一点钟(拂晓、午夜、正午)
%202.%20on
%20(1)标明具体日期
%20*注:
%201)关于"在周末"的几种标明法:
%20at(on)the%20weekend在周末——特指
%20at(on)weekends在周末——泛指
%20over%20the%20weekend在整个周末
%20during%20the%20weekend在周晚时刻
%202)在圣诞节,应说at%20Christmas?而不说on%20Christmas?
%20(2)在(刚……)的时分。
%20On%20reaching%20the%20city%20he%20called%20up%20his%20parents.
%20一到城里他就给父母打了一个电话。
%203.%20in:标明"时段"、"时期",在大都情况下可以和during交换,前者偏重比照,后者偏重持续。
%20in(during)1988(December,the%2020th%20century)
%20在一九88年(十二月、二十世纪)
%20六、动词:动词的四种时态
%20(一)一般如今时:
%201.%20一般如今时的构成:
%20(1)be动词:主语+be(am,%20is,%20are)+其它。如:I%20am%20a%20boy.%20我是一个男孩。
%20(2)行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。如:We%20study%20English.%20咱们学习英语。
%20当主语为第三人称奇数(he,%20she,%20it)时,要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如:Mary%20likes%20Chinese.玛丽喜爱汉语。
%202.%20动词+s的改变规则
%20(1)一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks,%20milk-milks
%20(2)以s.%20x.%20sh.%20ch.%20o结束,加-es,如:guess-guesses,%20wash-washes,%20watch-watches,%20go-goes
%20(3)以“子音字母+y”结束,变y为i,%20再加-es,如:study-studies
%20(二)一般曩昔时:
%20动词曩昔式详解——动词的曩昔式的构陈规则有:
%201.%20规则动词
%20(1)一般直接在动词的后边加ed:如:worked%20
, learned , cleaned , visited
(2)以e结束的动词直接加d:如 lived , danced , used
(3)以子音字母加y结束的动词要改y为i再加ed(此类动词较少)如:study – studied carry – carried worry – worried (留心play、stay不是子音字母加y,所以不归于此类)
(4)双写最终一个字母(此类动词较少)如:stopped
2. 不规则动词(此类词并无规则,须熟记)大学期间要记住以下动词的原形和曩昔式:
sing – sang,eat – ate,see – saw
have – had,do – did,go – went
take – took,buy – bought,get – got
read – read,fly – flew,am/is – was
are – were,say – said,leave – left
swim – swam,tell – told,draw – drew
come – came,lose – lost,find – found
drink – drank,hurt – hurt,feel – felt
(三)一般将来时:
根柢规划:
①be
going to + do;
②will+ do. be going to = will
I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明日)= I will go swimming tomorrow
(四)如今进行时: am,is,are+动词如今分词
动词如今分词详解——动词的ing方法的构陈规则:
1. 一般的直接在后边加上ing,如doing,going,working,singing,eating
2. 以e 结束的动词,要先去e再加ing,如having,writing
3. 双写最终一个字母的(此类动词很少)有:running,swimming,sitting,getting
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第三有些:句法
陈述句
1. 必定句
是指用必定的口气来陈述的语句,如:I’m a student.
She is a doctor. He works in a hospital.
There are four fans in our classroom. He will eat lunch at 12:00. I watched TV yesterday evening.
2. 否定句
富含否定词或标明否定意义词的语句,如:I’m not a student. She is not (isn’t) a doctor.
He does not (doesn’t) work in a hospital. There are not (aren’t) four fans in our classroom.
He will not (won’t) eat lunch at 12:00. I did not (didn’t) watch TV yesterday evening.
疑问句
1. 一般疑问句
是指问询实际的语句,此类语句有必要用“yes”或“no”来答复。
2. 特别疑问句
以特别疑问词(what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how等)最初引导的语句。
此类语句大约问啥就答啥,不能用“yes 、no”来答复。
There be句型
There be 句型与have, has的差异
1. There be句型标明:在某地有某物(或人)
2. 在there be句型中,主语是奇数,be动词用is;主语是复数,be动词用are;如有几件物品,be动词根据迩来be动词的那个名词抉择。
3. there be句型的否定句在be动词后加not,一般疑问句把be动词调到句首。
4. there be句型与have(has) 的差异:there be标明在某地有某物(或人);have(has) 标明或人具有某物。
5. some和any在there be句型中的运用:some用于必定句,any用于否定句或疑问句。
6. and和or在there be句型中的运用:and用于必定句,or用于否定句或疑问句。
7. 关于数量发问的特别疑问句的根柢规划是:
How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语?
How much + 不可以数名词 + is there + 介词短语?
8. 关于主语发问的特别疑问句的根柢规划是:
What’s + 介词短语?
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